Although the removal of human waste from the dwelling as well as facilities for bathing and grooming have always been necessary, the modern bathroom originated as a novelty and evolved into a universal standard. Largely credited with the development of the modern flushing toilet, Thomas Crapper patented a valve-and-siphon devise in 1891 and manufactured water closets that were popular in the decades preceding World War I. The toilets were labeled T. Crapper Brass & Co., Ltd, a name that inspired American soldiers stationed in England during World War I to adopt the name in reference to the modern fixture.